BEYOND GROUND CONTROL POINTS: COST-EFFECTIVE 3D BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION THROUGH GNSS-INTEGRATED PHOTOGRAMMETRY

BEYOND GROUND CONTROL POINTS: COST-EFFECTIVE 3D BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION THROUGH GNSS-INTEGRATED PHOTOGRAMMETRY

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The process of 3D building modeling serves a multitude of practical and strategic purposes across diverse industries.Building a 3D model involves employing a range of techniques and technologies.Among these, the most used methods include hihallinen viltti 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry, whether applied at close-range or through the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS).In photogrammetry, ground control points (GCPs) are generally needed to scale and georeference the digital reconstruction process, but it is a timeconsuming practice or sometimes impractical or dangerous.This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of two integrated devices to perform photogrammetric 3D reconstruction without GCPs.

They are both composed by a Sony ZV1 camera coupled with two different RTK/PPK GNSS system: the Emlid Reach RS2 GNSS receiver and the Emlid Reach M2 module with a multi-band GNSS helical antenna.Different sets of images were acquired with the two proposed devices for the lever-arm estimation and to perform the 3D surveying of the Galata monastery historical monument.The accuracy of the process and derived dense point clouds is assessed by comparing mpu63zm/a them with GCPs and a reference point cloud derived by fusing an UAS and a high-resolution mobile laser scanning point cloud.The ultimate goal is to obtain a 3D building model without the use of GCPs in the process of bundle block adjustment with centimeter accuracy.